Development of a Secure and Transparent Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1019-5750Keywords:
Blockchain Technology, Ethereum, Electronic Voting, MetaMask, Voter AuthenticationAbstract
Electronic voting (e-voting) is a method of conducting elections where digital technologies are used to facilitate the processes of voter registration, ballot casting, vote counting, and result announcement. An electronic voting system typically replaces or supplements traditional paper-based methods to improve efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility. The research begins by identifying the limitations of traditional voting and centralized electronic voting systems, including vulnerability to tampering, insufficient transparency, and inefficiencies in the tallying and verification of votes. To address these challenges, the system leverages the decentralized, immutable, and transparent characteristics of blockchain to guarantee integrity and trustworthiness in the voting process. The methodology employed follows the Agile Software Development framework, allowing for iterative prototyping, user feedback, and continuous improvement. The development tools used include HTML5, CSS3, PHP5, JavaScript, MySQL, along with blockchain technologies like Ethereum, MetaMask, and Ganache. The system implementation included components for voter verification, secure vote submission, real-time result monitoring, and role-based access management. Testing indicated that the system fulfilled its goals by providing end-to-end verifiability, improved security, and a smooth user experience. The result confirmed an increased resistance to fraud, better voter anonymity, and real-time transparency. In summary, the blockchain-based electronic voting system showcases significant promise for enhancing electoral credibility and efficiency within academic institutions.
References
Abdulhamid, S. M., et al. (2013). Design and implementation of a secure e-voting system. International Journal of Computer Applications, 66(21), 1–7.
Adebisi, A. (2023). Analysis of blockchain e-voting deployment challenges in Nigeria. Journal of Digital Governance, 5(3), 45–59.
Adeniyi, T., Musa, A., & Yusuf, R. (2024). Biometric public/private key encryption for secure e-voting. Nigerian Journal of Information Technology, 10(1), 33–41.
Adewole, S. A. (2020). Development of a secure e-voting framework for Nigerian elections. Journal of Applied Computing and Informatics, 18(2), 120–134.
Ahmed, A., Bello, O., & Zubairu, H. (2015). The transformation of election processes in Nigeria: A comparative study. Journal of African Political Studies, 7(1), 13–25.
Ahmed, S., Usman, M., & Abdulkarim, T. (2024). A review on blockchain’s role in electronic voting. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 15(2), 94–103.
Ajimatanrareje, K. (2024). Enhancing e-voting with biometric-enabled blockchain technology. Proceedings of the IEEE Nigeria Tech Conference, 9(1), 67–74.
Akinwumi, A. T. (2023). Prototype development of RSA-encrypted blockchain e-voting at Adekunle Ajasin University. Journal of Technology and Society, 15(4), 55–67.
Alam, M. R., Bello, T. A., & Okonkwo, C. (2020). Blockchain in Africa’s electoral systems: Opportunities and hurdles. African Journal of Technology Policy, 9(2), 89–102.
Al-Maaitah, H., Hassan, M., & Yusuf, S. (2024). A smart contract-based e-voting framework using Ethereum. Journal of Blockchain Applications, 6(1), 33–47.
Alguliyev, R. (2018). Threats to electronic voting and blockchain solutions. Journal of Cyber Security and Digital Forensics, 4(1), 45–55.
Alvi, R., Farooq, U., & Hashmi, N. (2022). Secure blockchain voting with smart contracts and cryptographic servers. Journal of Cryptology and Network Security, 12(3), 66–74.
Babalola, O. S., & Obiniyi, A. A. (2026). A comprehensive review of blockchain-enabled multimodal biometric authentication for privacy-preserving access control in next-generation e-health systems. fudma journal of sciences, 10(4), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1004-4650
Ben Ayed, A. (2017). A conceptual secure e-voting system based on blockchain technology. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, 9(3), 1–9.
Bormann, N. C. (2022). Democratic development and electoral technology adoption. Electoral Studies, 76, 102387.
Buterin, V. (2014). A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. Ethereum White Paper. https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/
Casimir, A., Uwakwe, C., & Chinedu, E. (2013). Electoral fraud and political violence in Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science, 8(2), 44–59.
Chouhan, A., & Sharma, P. (2025). User-centric blockchain e-voting with biometric verification. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 11(1), 20–34.
Digital Policy Studies. (2023). Blockchain and voter fraud prevention in Nigeria. Policy Brief, 4(1), 15–22.
Erhumu, T. (2024). Semi-decentralized e-voting system on Ethereum for Nigerian students. International Journal of Blockchain and Emerging Tech, 7(2), 89–97.
Gao, Y. (2020). A review of blockchain-based secure voting technologies. Journal of Computer and Communications, 8(2), 45–53.
Hassan, K., Ibrahim, A., & Musa, L. (2023). Comparative study of global blockchain voting systems. International Journal of E-Government Research, 19(2), 25–39.
Hjalmarsson, A., Guo, Y., & Hedman, J. (2024). Blockchain-based e-voting systems: Proof-of-authority case study. Journal of Information Systems, 38(1), 57–72.
Ikuero, B. A., Obi, R. A., & Nwachukwu, F. (2021). Survey on Nigerians' perception of blockchain-based elections. Journal of African Digital Innovation, 3(4), 40–51.
Indapwar, A. (2020). Blockchain architecture for secure voting systems. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 8(1), 112–119.
Jafar, K., Bello, R., & Suleiman, T. (2024). Blockchain integration in modern e-voting systems: A comprehensive review. Journal of E-Systems Engineering, 6(1), 19–35.
Jega, A. (2015). Electoral reforms in Nigeria: Lessons from the 2015 elections. Nigerian Journal of Politics and Governance, 4(1), 1–13.
Kamila, M., Adeyemi, B., & Ojo, K. (2020). Impact of blockchain on remote voting and reduced physical contact. Journal of Digital Governance, 2(2), 66–78.
Khan, A., Yusuf, R., & Bello, M. (2020). Decentralized voting using Ethereum and Truffle tools. International Journal of Advanced Blockchain Research, 3(2), 17–27.
Khan, S., Patel, F., & Aliyu, I. (2024). Secure and verifiable e-voting on the Multichain blockchain. Blockchain Technology Review, 6(1), 23–37.
Kshetri, N., & Voas, J. (2018). Blockchain-enabled e-voting. IEEE Software, 35(4), 95–99.
Makani, A., Idris, Y., & Usman, T. (2022). Decentralized election process with blockchain immutability. International Journal of Voting Technologies, 14(3), 102–115.
Mattila, J. (2016). The blockchain phenomenon. ETLA Reports, 45. https://pub.etla.fi/ETLA-Raportit-Reports-45.pdf
McCorry, P., Shahandashti, S. F., & Hao, F. (2017). A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy. International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 357–375.
Meza, L. (2021). Digital voting: Risks and opportunities. E-Voting and Democracy Journal, 3(1), 10–22.
Mursi, M. A., Farouk, A., & Rabeh, M. (2016). A cryptographic approach to secure e-voting systems. Journal of Cyber Security and Digital Forensics, 2(3), 45–60.
Musial-Karg, M. (2015). The future of e-voting: Possibilities and risks. European Political Science, 14(1), 13–25.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies. Princeton University Press.
Navamani, M., Raj, K., & Francis, D. (2022). DigiVote: A blockchain-based smart contract voting platform. International Journal of Secure Computing, 10(2), 33–46.
Noizat, P. (2015). Blockchain electronic voting: The technology and the implications. In Handbook of Digital Currency (pp. 435–451). Academic Press.
Okonkwo, E., & Chukwu, A. (2021). Centralization risks in Nigerian electoral systems: A blockchain-based perspective. Journal of Political Technology, 5(3), 22–33.
Pathak, R., Singh, P., & Chauhan, A. (2024). Authentication mechanisms in blockchain-based e-voting systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Systems, 55–63.
Russell, D., & Zamfir, V. (2018). Transparency and trust in e-voting: The blockchain debate. Journal of Internet Technology, 19(4), 77–89.
Sahoo, B., Sinha, R., & Parida, M. (2020). Hybrid blockchain solutions for enterprise data management. Journal of Emerging Technology Trends, 9(1), 21–30.
Shuaibu, A. (2017). A critique of the electronic voting system in Nigeria. African Journal of Legal Studies, 6(2), 54–66.
Smith, C., Dinev, T., & Xu, H. (2005). Electronic voting and democratic integrity. Communications of the ACM, 48(10), 31–34.
Song, L., He, Z., & Wu, M. (2024). Ethereum-powered prototype voting system. Journal of Blockchain Development, 7(1), 58–69.
Susanto, M. (2024). Smart contract authentication in Ethereum e-voting systems. International Journal of Information Security and Applications, 11(1), 49–60.
Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. O’Reilly Media.
Tang, C., Zhao, L., & Chen, Y. (2023). Blockchain and voting integrity: An empirical assessment. Journal of Digital Trust Systems, 5(2), 100–112.
Xu, X., Pautasso, C., Zhu, L., Gramoli, V., Ponomarev, A., Tran, A., & Chen, S. (2019). The blockchain as a software connector. In Software Architecture (pp. 3–19). Springer.
Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018). Blockchain technology overview (NIST IR 8202). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8202
Yavuz, E. A., & Kalkan, K. (2018). Towards secure e-voting using blockchain in Turkey. Journal of Information Security Research, 10(2), 78–87.
Yi, X. (2020). Enhancing voter trust through blockchain-based voting. Journal of E-Democracy and Open Government, 12(1), 44–56.
Zhao, Z., Chen, M., & Li, H. (2019). Securing electronic voting systems with blockchain. Computers & Security, 88, 101610.
Zhao, Z., Xiong, C., & Li, J. (2020). Ensuring anonymity in blockchain-based voting. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 10(3), 231–245.
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2017). An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. IEEE International Congress on Big Data, 557–564.
Zheng, Z., Dai, H., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2018). Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International Journal of Web and Grid Services, 14(4), 352–375.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Henry Anayo Okemiri, Edward Uche-Nwachi, Okechukwu I. Azegba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
